BUSINESS AND FINANCE

Fortune 500 companies have been off shoring the financial and accounting business processes (BPO) to countries like India, Philippians, China, etc. These companies have big budgets and a big team of consultants who analyzes the total cost and ROI of sending their financial and accounting work to the service providers in offshore locations. Though smaller companies have started off shoring their financial and accounting work to offshore locations but like big corporations small businesses do not have huge budget to hire consultants to identify the total cost of off shoring their financial and accounting work to offshore locations. But small businesses can still perform their due diligence in calculating total cost of their offshore engagement and gain critical knowledge in finding ROI of sending their financial and accounting work to offshore locations. In this report we will go through all of the hidden costs of offshoring financial and accounting business processes.

1. Different Costs of Offshoring Financial & Accounting Work

Small businesses mainly consider offshoring their work, they will consider only the hourly rate they need to pay to the offshore vendor for various accounting works like bookkeeping, accounts payable, accounts receivable, etc. There are several other additional hidden costs small business have to face in their offshore outsourcing engagement. Typically a small business goes through following offshore accounting work cycle in their offshore engagement:

• Selecting an offshore accounting vendor

• Sending the work to the offshore vendor

• Answering questions for the offshore vendor

• Receiving the finished work from the offshore vendor

• Verifying the finished work from the offshore vendor

• Monitoring the quality of the finished work from the offshore vendor

2. Cost of Selecting offshore accounting vendor

The cost associated with selecting an offshore accounting vendor will be small compared to other costs. Most of the time small businesses can find a qualified offshore accounting vendor simply by searching in Google or by contacting other small businesses those who are already using an offshore vendor, for detailed discussion on this topic read Offshore Accounting Success. This cost is the one time cost and it will be similar to selecting an onshore vendor.

3. Cost of sending the work to an offshore vendor

Small businesses must consider various types of cost like Scanner, High speed Internet, Backup Server, etc, to send their financial and account documents to an offshore vendor, but the good news is that it will be a one time investment and most of the small businesses will have these in place already. There are three different offshore accounting models you can use to send your accounting and financial work to the offshore vendors and for these you will incur following one time cost.

3.1. Scanner & Scanning software

Most of the accounting and financial data will be in your accounting software like QuickBooks, Peachtree etc, but there will be other documents like Bills, Checks, Invoices, Goods received notes, etc will be on paper and these should be digitized using a scanner and a scanning software to convert it into PDF documents which will be stored in your computer. Once the documents are in your computer then you can give access to the offshore vendor to view the PDF documents or they can retrieve it from your computer to perform their work in the offshore location.

Most of small businesses already have a scanner, if not a scanner (scanning software comes with the scanner) can be purchased for less than $1000.00. The cost of the scanner will go up based on the volume of accounting and financial documents to be scanned in a given day. It will be a one time cost for the small business and also by scanning all their paper based accounting documents; you can improve the efficiency of overall accounting process.

3.2. High speed Internet Connection Cost

You need to have high-speed Internet connection to send and receive the work to and from offshore location. Again all most all small businesses already have DSL/T1 Internet connection if not they can get a DSL Internet connection for $60-100/month.

3.3. Secure FTP software

If small businesses are using Application Service Provider (ASP) like Quickbooks online, cpaasp.com, etc, then it is possible for offshore vendors to directly access your accounting data directly from the ASP vendor. In this case there is no need to use secure FTP software.

3.4. Backup Server

Once small businesses start digitizing their accounting documents for their offshore vendors, they need to start planning for the backup server to backup all their accounting documents. Most of the small businesses will have this feature already, if not it is a good investment to have a backup server to backup all their accounting and financial data from their main computer to the backup server. For any business “Business continuity” is a vital task and the backup server will help the small businesses to recover all the accounting data in case of main computer failure.

3.5. Additional Accounting software License cost

Small businesses use various accounting software packages like QuickBooks, MYOB, Microsoft Office Accounting etc, for doing all their accounting and financial work. When they offshore the work the offshore vendor will use the same accounting software to do the work. It is very difficult for the small businesses to find an offshore vendor who already owns the licenses for all the accounting software. As described in the offshore accounting models if small businesses decides to use Remote Server or ASP then there is no additional cost for small businesses. On the other hand if the small businesses decided to use Secure File Transfer then small businesses needs to buy additional accounting software license for the offshore vendor to use. Small businesses will incur this cost even if they outsource the work to onshore vendors. This cost is truly soley based on the accounting software package used by the small businesses. Accounting software packages comes with various flavors types of software licenses like concurrent users, fixed number of users, CPU based, Network based etc., Some times small businesses can completely avoid this cost altogether.

4. Managing Financial & Accounting offshore vendor

Once you send your accounting and financial work to the offshore vendor, you need to constantly mange and monitor the quality of finished work that comes back from the vendor. Initially you may need a full-time person educating the offshore accountants and bookkeepers about your accounting process and preparing proper instructions for them to follow in their work. Once you and the offshore team are comfortable in the working relationship then all you need is to verify the work periodically. Basically you need to consider the offshore team as your virtual team and educate them in your accounting processes and procedures, once you are comfortable with their work your own employee(s) will spend less time with the offshore vendors.

5. Offshore vendor wage

For the accounting and financial work performed by the offshore vendor, small businesses will pay either an hourly rate or a monthly rate to the offshore vendor. This will be the actual direct cost small businesses will pay to the offshore vendor and all other costs are indirect cost of sending the work to offshore vendor. Typically the wage cost will be 50-70% less than the cost paid to the onshore accounting and financial vendor. For small businesses this cost savings is one of the major reasons to use the offshore vendor for their financial and accounting work.

Small businesses need to consider several costs in their financial and accounting offshore engagement. As shown in the table Small business F&A offshore outsourcing – Fixed Cost Vs Monthly Cost some of the costs are fixed and some of them are monthly expanses incurred by the small businesses. Among the monthly cost only the offshore vendor wage is the direct cost paid to the offshore vendor. While performing ROI analysis small businesses must consider all these costs to find the Total Cost of doing business with offshore vendors. As shown in the table, for certain items finding out the exact cost may not be possible and it is highly based on the individual small businesses and the type of accounting and financial work that has been sent to offshore locations. The total cost may not be a fixed amount and it can change from month to month. For example in some months there will be more questions from the offshore vendor in clarifications and in other months there will be less questions, this cost will vary from month to month.

DIY Accounting produce Accounting Software for UK limited liability companies which consists of teamplates on excel spreadsheets, suitable for any small limited company aimed at automating monthly profit and loss account and a set of final company accounts with balance sheet ready for publication.

As the whole small business accounting software for a limited liability company is written on excel spreadsheets all bookkeeping transactions are visible. The excel spreadsheets have 12 monthly sheets in each work book. Prime data entry excel spreadsheets being provided for sales, purchases, cash, bank, savings account and credit card account. Financial transactions such as sales or expenses are then simply listed on the appropriate months? sheet. And changes or errors can easily be rectified by simply deleting errorsa or entering new information. This simple listing process is a huge advantage to non accountants as no previous bookkeeping or accountancy software knowledge is required.

Bank spreadsheets can be entered by listing the items that appear on the bank statement and include a box to enter the statement balance each month. The formulae within the excel spreadsheet then automatically checks that the entries made agree with the statement balance producing effective bank reconciliation. A good feature that ensures entries are recorded accurately in the companies accounts.

The simple bookkeeping entries that have been made to the sales,purchases and the bank statement is automatically transferred to the financial accounting file. In this file is a trial balance which actually automates all the double entry accounting transactions. No entries are required removing the need for users to have accounting experience. The Trial Balance is purely an accounting solution, visible and contains an audit check to again ensure the company accounts are accurate with no entries are required. The lack of entries in the area of accounting makes the product an ideal package for companies requiring a small business accounting software package.

Within the financial accounting software file is an automated monthly profit and loss account to enable limited companies to track their financial performance and very important, the package also produces a balanced profit and loss account and Balance Sheet in the correct format for submission of the final accounts. This set of final accounts automatically gathering the financial information from the basic entries made and includes the statutory notes required for a set of company accounts being published.

The package is equally suitablke for both vat and non vat registered business with vat returns produced at the touch of a button each quarter. To produce a vat return clients simply go to the vat file and select the quarter end date from a drop down menu and the figures for the vat return are automatically generated. The vat calculations can be disabled by non vat registered small businesses by simply changing the standard vat rate from 17.5 to zero making the accounting software suitable for both vat registered and non vat registered businesses.

The fixed asset schedule is preset with the capital allowance tax rates to automatically calculate capital allowances when fixed assets are entered. Depreciation is also automatically calculated with preset percentages that can be changed as required.

The limited company corporation tax liability is also calculated automatically in such a way that all the calculations; additions and deductions are both automated and visible. Capital allowances on both existing and new assets being shown on the corporation tax calculation.

Accountancy Knowledge Required

The limited liability company accounting software is based upon single entry of transactions requiring no accounting or bookkeeping knowledge. All the accounting knowledge required to perform the double entry of transactions which is a required feature to produce a balance sheet has been automated. The company accounts package has a feature so that the previous years? figures may be entered and lists of opening debtors and creditors recorded. A minimal level of accounting knowledge is required to correctly list the closing debtors and creditors and check the totals of those lists agrees with the automated balances shown on the company accounts balance sheet

Very Low Priced

At £15 the accounting software can save many businesses exempt from a full audit the need to employ an accountant potentially saving hundreds of pounds in professional fees. Hundreds of small limited companies with up to 20 employees also purchase the DIY Accounting Payroll Software which is sold separately from £14.99 and fully integrates into the Financial Accounting Software.

Other Features

The product has a stock control feature to monitor any stock losses. The limited company accounting software contains a wages interface that fully integrates the DIY Accounting Payroll Software when those files are saved into the same folder as the accounting software files. Being written on excel spreadsheets all transactions are visible and capable of being changed by for example overwriting any errors as opposed to a database system that requires new transactions to be entered to reverse previous entries. The sales and purchase spreadsheets include columns for entering CIS tax deductions and payments and the certificate numbers. The CIS tax being then automatically entered on the self assessment tax return. As the small business accounting software is written on excel spreadsheets then it is essential that users have a version of excel from 1998 onwards installed to use the program. The accounting software also works fine with an Open Source spreadsheet package.

Conclusion: to Buy or not to Buy

Exceptionally good value, very easy to use and produces exactly what every small limited company requires in a small business accounting software package, automated accounts requiring no bookkeeping skills and no previous financial accountancy software experience with the valuable end product of a fully automated final set of accounts for the limited liability company.

Accounting software can vary from multi million pound solutions for major public companies to simple managed lists of income and expenses. Simple accounting solutions are most suitable for small business.

The most comprehensive financial accounting packages incorporate financial reporting information and managed by teams of qualified accountants supported by accounts clerks, bookkeepers and substantial input from automated data sources. At the other end of the scale a self employed sole trader might use accounting software themselves and produce a set of financial accounts for the year in an afternoon.

Different accounting standards are required from accounting software dependent upon the fitness for purpose and client needs. Double entry bookkeeping automated through a database system and probably arranged in financial modules would normally be the choice of the majority of public companies. Single entry bookkeeping would not be an acceptable accounting solution for a limited company due to audit requirements and statutory obligations.

Single entry bookkeeping does however have its place in the market place for the smaller less complex businesses who maintain financial control through a close intimate knowledge of every financial transaction. The main objective of a sole trader is more likely to be the production of the tax accounts and complete the periodic and annual tax return forms.

The most sophisticated level of accounting software in the largest companies mirrors the accounting functions in those organisations with various financial modules for accounts receivable, accounts payable, stock control, general ledger and fixed assets. These accounting modules may also be integrated with non accounting functions such as production and dispatch functions and also divided into separate modules within the accounting function.

In larger companies the sales daybook and data entry of sales turnover would often be the responsibility of one department while the accounts receivable function might be split with a specialist credit control function within that accounting module. A further division may also include sales administration and customer records. Accounts payable would normally be multi functional of the purchasing department, purchase invoice accounts department and a legal function for overdue payments.

Accounting software for smaller companies and organisations is commonly a system of data entry of prime transactions which include sales income, purchase expenses and cash and bank transactions. The prime entry of these documents being to a database which automates the double entry accounting principles and produces both accounts receivable, accounts payable and general ledger databases.

Some accounting knowledge is usually required tom operate a database accounting software system and that financial knowledge is usually available within the company as most companies that use database accounting software also employ a bookkeeper or accounts clerks to input data and in slightly larger small companies also qualified accountants to manage the accounting function.

The need for accounting knowledge in a database system is partially to understand the data entry principles and the relevancy of the rules that need to be followed but essentially understanding of accounting principles is required to understand what is happening ton the information after input. And most important, a qualified accountant has the financial knowledge, training and experience to know what the system should be producing and how to query the database to retrieve that information.

A database accounting software system not only produces high quality financial records but offfers numerous financial control alternatives for both junior and senior business management. The accounting function also has the security of producing trial balances, periodic profit and loss accounts, balance sheets and other financial and statements for tax and control purposes.

Accounting solutions requiring little bookkeeping or accounting knowledge are available usually based uponh spreadsheets as this is the most transparent method of viewing the accounts.

Small limited companies must obtain accounting software based upon double entry accounting principles as in addition to producing a profit and loss account and a trial balance to demonstrate accuracy and integrity of the financial records plus a balance sheet is required for reporting purposes. Accounting standards require the limited company to have a system of financial control and accounting software is an essential tool in achieving this.

Some accounting knowledge either from the management or outsourcing the bookkeeping services is usually required with even the simplest database accounting solutions eve3n if this requires the understanding of what accounts receivable ledgers, accounts payable ledger and control accounts mean.

There are other possibilities and those businesses with a minimum of accounting knowledge can consider spreadsheet based accounting software. Accounting software compiled from spreadsheets is less flexible and often does not have the range of options a database system has due to the lack of database queries available. These disadvantages of flexibility being compensated by the fact that all entries are visible, transparent and changes can be made more easily.

Financially at the sole trader and self employed end of the business spectrum then the requirements from accounting software may be completely different. Gone are the sophistications of control accounts, trial balances and many aspects of financial control. The most important aspect of self employed accounting software is often to produce a set of accounts for tax purposes.

Self employed small business that do not require a balance sheet can use accounting software based upon single entry bookkeeping rather than double entry and with the reduced requirement for financial control then less financial queries to the system are required. In these respects the simpler an accounting solution the better and in this market an accounting solution written on spreadsheets that can produce the net taxable profit would meet the requirements.

All accountants know several terms that create basis for any accounting system. Such terms are T-account, debit and credit, and double-entry accounting system. Of course, these terms are studied by accounting students all over the world. However, any business paerson, whether an investment banker or a small business owner, will benefit from knowing them as well. They are easy to grasp and will be helpful in most business situations. Let us take a closer look at these accounting terms.

T-Account

Accounting records about events and transactions are recorded in accounts. An account is an individual record of increases and decreases in a specific asset, liability, or owner’s equity item. Look at accounts as a place for recording numbers related to a certain item or class of transactions. Examples of accounts may be Cash, Accounts Receivable, Fixed Assets, Accounts Payable, Accrued Payroll, Sales, Rent Expenses and so on.

An account consists of three parts:

• - title of the account
• - left side (known as debit)
• - right side (known as credit)

Because the alignment of these parts of an account resembles the letter T, it is referred to as a T account. You could draw T accounts on a piece of paper and use it to maintain your accounting records. However, nowadays, instead of having to draw T accounts, accountants use accounting software (i.e., QuickBooks, Microsoft Accounting, Peachtree, JD Edwards, Oracle, and SAP, among others).

Debit, Credit and Account Balance

In account, the term debit means left side, and credit means right side. These are abbreviated as Dr for debit and Cr for credit. Debit and credit indicate on which side of a T account numbers will be recorded.

An account balance is the difference between the debit and credit amounts. For some types of accounts debit means an increase in the account balance, while for others debit means a decrease in the account balance. See below for a list of accounts and what a debit to such account means:

• Asset – Increase
• Contra Assets – Decrease
• Liability – Decrease
• Equity – Decrease
• Contribution Capital – Decrease
• Revenue – Decrease
• Expenses – Increase
• Distributions – Increase

Credits to the above account types will mean an opposite result.

Double-entry Accounting System

A double-entry accounting system requires that any amount entered into the accounting records is shown at least on two different accounts. For example, when a customer pays cash for your product, an account would show the cash received in the Cash account (as a debit) and in the Sales account (as a credit). All debit amounts equal all credit amounts provided the double-entry accounting was properly followed.

Having a double-entry accounting system has benefits over regular, one-sided systems. One of such benefits is that the double-entry system helps identify recording errors. As I mentioned, if one amount is entered only once in error, then debits and credits won’t balance and the accountant will know that one or more entries were not posted fully. Note, however, that this check will help spot errors, but will not identify all cases of errors. For example, equal debits and credits will not identify an error when an amount was posted twice, but was posted to wrong accounts. Keep this in mind when analyzing causes of errors in accounting records.

Current Account is primarily meant for businessmen, firms, companies, public enterprises etc. who have to perform numerous daily banking transactions. In this account, the customer can deposit any amount of money any number of times. He can also withdraw any amount as many times as he wants, as long as he has funds in his credit. They are meant neither for the purpose of earning interest nor for the purpose of savings. These accounts are only for convenience of the business.

A proper introduction by an existing customer or a respectable person known to the bank is essential for opening the current account. The account holder can access his account from any branch of the concerned across the country. The cheques of the customer can be payable at par at all branches of the Bank across India. For this purpose you need for a demand draft. The customer can also give standing instructions to carry out his regular payments like Insurance premium, rent, taxes etc., with the current account provided sufficient balance is maintained in the account. The account holder also avails the facility of transfer of funds by means of Mail Transfer/ Telegraph Transfer/ Demand Drafts.

The current account can be opened with a minimum deposit, as stipulated by the Banks from time to time. The prospective account holder/customer needs to give a declaration that he/they are not enjoying credit facilities with any other bank or branch of the same bank at the time of opening the account. The Prospective account holder(s) should fill in the Account Opening Form, sign it and furnish the operational instructions to avail the current account facility.

Loans and credit cards charge you interest on the basis of an Annual Percentage Rate (APR) on the amount you borrow, whereas current accounts pay you an Annual Equivalent Rate (AER) on your credit from that account. This rate indicates what the amount would be if interest is paid on annual basis. The higher is the AER, the more is the interest the account holder earns. It works in the same way for any overdraft withdrawal, but money is deducted rather than credited from the savings amount. Current account interest rates are subject to change; both the provider and the Reserve bank of India can change them. However, the concerned banks notify of any interest rate changes before they take effect. To make a balanced decision regarding current account interest rates, you should look at the interest rate for both when in credit and if you are overdrawn. A high interest rate on your credit and a low interest rate on your overdraft is all about opening best bank current account

The account holders should watch out for interest rates on disarranged borrowing . When the account holder goes into the red or over the agreed overdraft limit, he is not only charged,but also can face a high rate of interest on this unauthorised borrowing. Some banks offer current accounts with tiered interest rates. Therese accounts work on the basis that different interest rates are applied to your money according to the balance available on your account. The tiered interest rates can mean the interest paid on your credit will drop once you pass a certain financial threshold. Similarly the interest on your overdraft amount can rise if you borrow over a certain limit.

Comparing before Opening best bank current account makes a significant difference. Comparison can help you reduce the cost of having an overdraft by helping you find an account with a lower rate of interest charged on your borrowing or overdraft. It can also help you find the best available rate of interest on your balance so you can earn more while your money is lying idle in your account. You need to compare the interest rates.
Current accounts- meeting the needs of businessmen

Summary: Current Accounts come with the answer of all kinds of business requirements.These accounts have been customised to ensure efficient fund management, quick transfers and instant availability of your funds across the network of the bank.

Current Account is primarily meant for businessmen, firms, companies, public enterprises etc. who have to perform numerous daily banking transactions. In this account, the customer can deposit any amount of money any number of times. He can also withdraw any amount as many times as he wants, as long as he has funds in his credit. They are meant neither for the purpose of earning interest nor for the purpose of savings. These accounts are only for convenience of the business.

A proper introduction by an existing customer or a respectable person known to the bank is essential for opening the current account. The account holder can access his account from any branch of the concerned across the country. The cheques of the customer can be payable at par at all branches of the Bank across India. For this purpose you need for a demand draft. The customer can also give standing instructions to carry out his regular payments like Insurance premium, rent, taxes etc., with the current account provided sufficient balance is maintained in the account. The account holder also avails the facility of transfer of funds by means of Mail Transfer/ Telegraph Transfer/ Demand Drafts.

The current account can be opened with a minimum deposit, as stipulated by the Banks from time to time. The prospective account holder/customer needs to give a declaration that he/they are not enjoying credit facilities with any other bank or branch of the same bank at the time of opening the account. The Prospective account holder(s) should fill in the Account Opening Form, sign it and furnish the operational instructions to avail the current account facility.

Loans and credit cards charge you interest on the basis of an Annual Percentage Rate (APR) on the amount you borrow, whereas current accounts pay you an Annual Equivalent Rate (AER) on your credit from that account. This rate indicates what the amount would be if interest is paid on annual basis. The higher is the AER, the more is the interest the account holder earns. It works in the same way for any overdraft withdrawal, but money is deducted rather than credited from the savings amount. Current account interest rates are subject to change; both the provider and the Reserve bank of India can change them. However, the concerned banks notify of any interest rate changes before they take effect. To make a balanced decision regarding current account interest rates, you should look at the interest rate for both when in credit and if you are overdrawn. A high interest rate on your credit and a low interest rate on your overdraft is all about opening best bank current account

The account holders should watch out for interest rates on disarranged borrowing . When the account holder goes into the red or over the agreed overdraft limit, he is not only charged,but also can face a high rate of interest on this unauthorised borrowing. Some banks offer current accounts with tiered interest rates. Therese accounts work on the basis that different interest rates are applied to your money according to the balance available on your account. The tiered interest rates can mean the interest paid on your credit will drop once you pass a certain financial threshold. Similarly the interest on your overdraft amount can rise if you borrow over a certain limit.

Comparing before Opening best bank current account makes a significant difference. Comparison can help you reduce the cost of having an overdraft by helping you find an account with a lower rate of interest charged on your borrowing or overdraft. It can also help you find the best available rate of interest on your balance so you can earn more while your money is lying idle in your account. You need to compare the interest rates.